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Grammar

JLPT N3 grammar list

142 points in learning order. The grammar of real books, news and work: giving causes and results, talking about topics and sources, time and change, degree and emphasis, judging how things are, contrast and concession, and the attitudes behind what people say. Every explanation and example is written for immersionlog.

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1 · Everyday adverbs and casual speech

  1. 1Casual contractions (〜てる・〜とく・〜ちゃ)the shortened forms of ている, ておく, ては and では
  2. 2〜っけwas it? (trying to remember)
  3. 3〜もん・〜もの (excuses)because, but (casual excuse)
  4. 4やはり・やっぱりas expected, sure enough; after all
  5. 5たしかif I remember right, I believe
  6. 6いつの間にかbefore I knew it, without noticing
  7. 7なるべくas much as possible, if possible
  8. 8めったに〜ないrarely, hardly ever
  9. 9ちっとも〜ない・少しも〜ないnot at all, not in the least
  10. 10とても〜ないcan't possibly, quite impossible
  11. 11どうしてもno matter what; just (can't)
  12. 12いったいwhat on earth, (who / where / why) on earth
  13. 13まるで〜ようだjust like, as if
  14. 14なかなかquite, pretty (good); (not) easily, just won't
  15. 15せっかくspecially, (it's a shame to waste) the effort or chance
  16. 16まさかsurely not, no way, never imagined
  17. 17さすがjust as you'd expect (admiring); even (X)
  18. 18どうせanyway (resigned), in any case
  19. 19むしろrather, if anything
  20. 20ついに・とうとうat last, finally; in the end

2 · Joining sentences

  1. 21つまり・すなわちin other words, that is, namely
  2. 22それなのに・なのにand yet, even so (frustrated)
  3. 23そのうえ・しかもmoreover, on top of that, what's more
  4. 24ところがbut, however (unexpectedly)
  5. 25するとand then, at that; so (you mean)
  6. 26そこでso, and so (someone took action)
  7. 27ただしhowever, but (a condition or exception)
  8. 28なぜなら〜からだthe reason is (that), because
  9. 29〜かというとif you ask (why / whether); as for whether
  10. 30〜というのは・〜とは(X) means, what (X) is
  11. 31〜ということだI'm told that; that means
  12. 32〜というよりrather than, not so much … as
  13. 33〜といってもalthough I say, it's true … but
  14. 34〜といえば・〜というとspeaking of, when you think of

3 · Topics, sources and standpoints

  1. 35〜についてabout, concerning
  2. 36〜にとってfor, to (from someone's point of view)
  3. 37〜によると・〜によればaccording to
  4. 38〜としてas (a role, status or purpose)
  5. 39〜に比べてcompared with
  6. 40〜に対してtowards, against; whereas
  7. 41〜によってby; depending on; due to; by means of
  8. 42〜に関して・〜に関するregarding, concerning (formal)
  9. 43〜に代わってin place of, on behalf of
  10. 44〜をはじめstarting with, including (and others)
  11. 45〜を中心にcentred on, mainly
  12. 46〜向け・〜向きmade for; suited to
  13. 47〜的-ic, -ical; in terms of

4 · Feelings, guesses and judgements

  1. 48〜ように見えるlooks, seems (to the eye)
  2. 49〜ような気がするI have a feeling that, it feels as if
  3. 50〜っぽい-ish, -like; tends to
  4. 51〜らしい (typical of)typical of, just as (X) should be
  5. 52〜がちtend to, be prone to (something bad)
  6. 53〜気味a touch of, slightly, a bit
  7. 54〜のではないか・〜んじゃないI think maybe; isn't it the case that
  8. 55〜じゃないか・〜ではないかisn't it! (reproach, surprise, invitation)
  9. 56〜んだから・〜のだからsince, because (as you well know)
  10. 57〜に違いないmust be, surely
  11. 58〜に決まっているis bound to, obviously
  12. 59〜そうにない・〜そうもないdoesn't look like it will
  13. 60〜はずだったwas supposed to, should have
  14. 61〜ところだったnearly, almost (but didn't)
  15. 62〜てたまらない・〜てしょうがないunbearably, terribly, dying to
  16. 63〜ても仕方がないthere's no point; it can't be helped if

5 · Moments, spans and sequence

  1. 64〜たとたん(に)the moment, just as
  2. 65〜たびにevery time, whenever
  3. 66〜て以来ever since
  4. 67〜てはじめてonly after, not until
  5. 68〜てからでないとnot until, unless (you) first
  6. 69〜たところwhen I did (and found)
  7. 70〜と同時にat the same time as, as soon as
  8. 71〜最中(に)right in the middle of
  9. 72〜際(に)when, at the time of (formal)
  10. 73〜おきにat intervals of; every other
  11. 74〜ごとにevery, each
  12. 75〜たてfreshly (done), just (made)
  13. 76〜かけ・〜かけるhalf-done; start to, nearly
  14. 77〜切る・〜切れないdo completely; can't (possibly) finish
  15. 78〜っぱなしleft on, left as is (carelessly); nonstop
  16. 79〜一方だkeeps (getting more / less), only ever
  17. 80〜つつあるis in the process of (changing)

6 · Degree and emphasis

  1. 81〜ほど (extent)so … that, to the point of; about
  2. 82〜くらい・〜ぐらい (at least, to the extent)at least, even just; so … that; no one as … as
  3. 83〜ば〜ほどthe more …, the more
  4. 84〜さえ・〜でさえeven
  5. 85〜さえ〜ばas long as, if only
  6. 86〜こそprecisely, this one (for sure)
  7. 87〜なんか・〜なんてthings like (dismissive); (surprise) that
  8. 88〜だけでなくnot only … but also
  9. 89〜以外except, other than
  10. 90〜しかないhave no choice but to, all you can do is
  11. 91〜だらけcovered in, full of (something unwanted)
  12. 92〜きり・〜っきりonly, just; since (and not again)
  13. 93〜も〜ば〜もboth … and; some … and some

7 · Wishes, intentions and advice

  1. 94〜ようとするtry to; be about to; (not) willing to
  2. 95〜たつもり・〜つもりでthought I had; as if; meant it as
  3. 96〜ふりをするpretend to
  4. 97〜ことにしているmake a point of, have a rule of
  5. 98〜ますように・〜ように (wishes and reminders)may …, I hope; (reminder) be sure to
  6. 99〜ばいいのに・〜ばよかったのにI wish; if only; you should have
  7. 100〜させてもらう・〜させていただくbe allowed to; let me (humbly)
  8. 101〜ついでにwhile (you're) at it, on the way
  9. 102〜とおり(に)・〜どおり(に)exactly as, in the way that
  10. 103〜ように (as)as, just as
  11. 104〜べきshould, ought to
  12. 105〜ことだyou should, the best thing is to (advice)
  13. 106〜ことはないthere's no need to
  14. 107〜ものだ(that's how it is); used to; you should
  15. 108〜ないことはないit's not that (I) can't; could, if need be
  16. 109〜には (in order to, for)to (do), for (doing), in order to

8 · Reasons and results

  1. 110〜おかげでthanks to (a good result)
  2. 111〜せいで・〜せいかbecause of (blame); maybe because
  3. 112〜ため(に) (because)because of, due to (formal)
  4. 113〜ものだから・〜ものでbecause, you see (an excuse)
  5. 114〜結果as a result of, after (doing)
  6. 115〜からにはnow that, since (so I must)
  7. 116〜からといってjust because … (doesn't mean)
  8. 117〜わけだno wonder, that's why; which means
  9. 118〜わけがないthere's no way, it can't be
  10. 119〜わけではないit's not that; not necessarily
  11. 120〜わけにはいかないcan't (because of duty or circumstances)
  12. 121〜とは限らないnot necessarily, not always

9 · Contrast, conditions and concession

  1. 122〜にしてはfor (a), considering
  2. 123〜わりにfor, considering (more or less than expected)
  3. 124〜代わりにinstead of; in place of; in exchange for
  4. 125〜くせにeven though (and I don't like it)
  5. 126〜としたら・〜とすればsupposing, if (hypothetically)
  6. 127〜としてもeven if, even supposing
  7. 128〜にしてもeven if, even allowing for; whether … or
  8. 129たとえ〜てもeven if
  9. 130いくら〜てもno matter how (much)
  10. 131〜たって・〜だってeven if (casual)
  11. 132〜ながら(も) (although)although, even though
  12. 133〜限りas long as; as far as; unless (ない限り)
  13. 134〜場合in the case of, if
  14. 135〜反面on the other hand (two sides of one thing)
  15. 136〜一方(で)while, on the other hand; at the same time

10 · Change, risk and formal links

  1. 137〜につれてas (one thing changes, so does another)
  2. 138〜にしたがってin accordance with; as (one thing changes)
  3. 139〜とともにtogether with; as, along with
  4. 140〜上でafter (and based on); when it comes to
  5. 141〜おそれがあるthere's a risk that, may (something bad)
  6. 142〜ぶりfor the first time in (a period)