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Grammar

JLPT N2 grammar list

137 points in learning order. The grammar of newspapers, essays, business and fiction: reasons with a stance, scope and basis, timing, degree and emphasis, likelihood and necessity, concession, viewpoints, manner, and the adverbs that colour a whole sentence. Every explanation and example is written for immersionlog.

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1 · Everyday adverbs and sentence joiners

  1. 1一応just in case; more or less, for what it's worth
  2. 2わざわざgoing out of one's way, specially
  3. 3せめてat least, if nothing else
  4. 4ようやくat last, finally (after a long time)
  5. 5どうやらit seems, apparently
  6. 6よほど・よっぽどvery, (must have been) so; much (more)
  7. 7いかにもtruly, so typically, just as you'd imagine
  8. 8いわゆるso-called, what you'd call
  9. 9かえってon the contrary, instead (it backfired)
  10. 10要するにin short, basically, in a word
  11. 11〜というか・〜っていうかor rather, I mean
  12. 12もっとも (mind you)though, mind you, having said that
  13. 13なおplease note, additionally; still
  14. 14というのもthe reason is, you see
  15. 15したがって・それゆえtherefore, consequently

2 · Verb compounds, manner and appearance

  1. 16〜合う(do) to each other, together
  2. 17〜直すredo, do again (properly)
  3. 18〜損ねる・〜損なうmiss (the chance to), fail to
  4. 19〜抜く(do) to the very end, thoroughly
  5. 20〜っこないno way (it'll happen), can't possibly
  6. 21〜げ-looking, with an air of
  7. 22〜まみれcovered in, smeared with
  8. 23〜きりがないthere's no end to it
  9. 24〜てみせるshow (how); I'll definitely (you'll see)
  10. 25〜やら〜やらwhat with … and …; all sorts of
  11. 26〜ばかりだkeeps getting (worse); all that's left is
  12. 27〜がてらwhile (doing), on the way (two things at once)
  13. 28〜上 (じょう)from the standpoint of, in terms of, -ally
  14. 29〜かのようにas if (though it isn't so)
  15. 30〜なりに・〜なりのin one's own way, as best one can
  16. 31〜を込めてwith (feeling), full of
  17. 32〜に向けてtowards, in preparation for
  18. 33〜ことなくwithout (ever) doing

3 · Scope, basis and range

  1. 34〜において・〜におけるin, at (formal)
  2. 35〜にかけてfrom … through to (a rough span)
  3. 36〜にわたって・〜にわたるover, throughout (a whole span)
  4. 37〜を通じて・〜を通してthrough, via; throughout
  5. 38〜に応じてaccording to, in line with, as needed
  6. 39〜に基づいてbased on, in accordance with
  7. 40〜をもとに(して)based on, using as material
  8. 41〜に沿ってalong; in line with
  9. 42〜をめぐってover, concerning (a dispute)
  10. 43〜に限って・〜に限りof all times/people; only (limited to)
  11. 44〜に限らずnot only, not limited to
  12. 45〜を問わずregardless of, whether … or
  13. 46〜にかかわらずregardless of, whether or not
  14. 47〜に反してcontrary to, against
  15. 48〜に応えてin response to, living up to
  16. 49〜のもとで・〜のもとにunder (guidance, conditions, law)
  17. 50〜を踏まえてbased on, taking into account
  18. 51〜につきdue to; per (on notices and prices)

4 · Occasions and timing

  1. 52〜次第as soon as; depends on
  2. 53〜に際してon the occasion of, when (formal)
  3. 54〜にあたってwhen (about to take an important step)
  4. 55〜に先立ってprior to, ahead of
  5. 56〜をきっかけに・〜を契機にprompted by, taking (X) as a turning point
  6. 57〜てからというものever since (and everything changed)
  7. 58〜かと思ったら・〜かと思うとjust when (I thought); no sooner … than
  8. 59〜か〜ないかのうちにalmost before, the very moment
  9. 60〜つつ・〜つつもwhile (doing); although
  10. 61〜に伴ってalong with, as (one change brings another)
  11. 62〜ところに・〜ところへ・〜ところをjust when; (caught) in the middle of
  12. 63〜につけwhenever, every time; whether … or

5 · Adding, limiting and emphasis

  1. 64〜ばかりか・〜ばかりでなくnot only … but (even)
  2. 65〜のみならずnot only (formal)
  3. 66〜上にon top of, besides, in addition
  4. 67〜はもちろん・〜はもとよりnot to mention, let alone, of course
  5. 68〜に加えてin addition to, as well as
  6. 69〜どころかfar from; let alone, not even
  7. 70〜どころではないno time for, out of the question
  8. 71〜にすぎないmerely, no more than
  9. 72〜にほかならないis nothing other than, is precisely
  10. 73〜はともかくsetting aside, regardless of
  11. 74〜は別としてapart from, except for; whether or not
  12. 75〜まで(して)even; going as far as
  13. 76〜くらいならrather than (do that), I'd sooner
  14. 77〜だけ(の)as much as (possible); enough to
  15. 78〜を除いてexcept for, apart from
  16. 79〜に限る(X) is the best, nothing beats

6 · Reasons with a stance

  1. 80〜ことからfrom the fact that, because (as evidence or origin)
  2. 81〜だけにall the more because; as you'd expect from
  3. 82〜だけあって・〜だけのことはあるas you'd expect from, lives up to
  4. 83〜ばかりにsimply because, all because (with a bad result)
  5. 84〜のことだからknowing (someone), being who they are
  6. 85〜ことだしsince (among other things), so
  7. 86〜上はnow that, since (so I must)
  8. 87〜以上(は)since, as long as (it follows that)
  9. 88〜あまり(に)so (much) that, out of sheer
  10. 89〜あげく(に)after all that, in the end (with a bad result)
  11. 90〜末(に)after (a long process), finally
  12. 91〜てこそonly by (doing), only when
  13. 92〜かいがある・〜がいがある(it) was worth it, paid off; rewarding

7 · Could, couldn't and must

  1. 93〜かねるcan't, be unable to (politely)
  2. 94〜かねないcould well (happen), might (something bad)
  3. 95〜得る・〜得ないcan, is possible; cannot, is impossible
  4. 96〜がたいhard to (accept, believe, forgive)
  5. 97〜ようがないthere's no way to
  6. 98〜ようにも〜ないcan't, even if (I) wanted to
  7. 99〜まいwill not (resolve); probably not
  8. 100〜ざるを得ないhave no choice but to, can't help but
  9. 101〜ずにはいられないcan't help (doing), can't stop oneself
  10. 102〜てはいられないcan't afford to (keep doing)
  11. 103〜てならないcan't help feeling, terribly
  12. 104〜てはならないmust not (formal)
  13. 105〜ずに済む・〜ないで済むget away without, not have to
  14. 106〜ずじまいended up never (doing), never got round to
  15. 107〜か否かwhether or not (formal)
  16. 108〜ようによってはdepending on how (you look at it / do it)

8 · Concession and conditions

  1. 109〜もののalthough, but
  2. 110〜にもかかわらずdespite, even though
  3. 111〜とはいえthat said, even though, it's true … but
  4. 112〜にしろ・〜にせよwhether … or; even if; whatever
  5. 113〜たところでeven if (it'd be pointless)
  6. 114〜ても差し支えないit's all right to, you may (formal)
  7. 115〜てでもeven if it means (doing)
  8. 116〜も構わずwithout caring about, heedless of
  9. 117〜抜きで・〜抜きにはwithout, leaving out
  10. 118〜ないことにはunless, until (you) … (nothing can happen)
  11. 119〜ものならif (I) could (but it's unlikely)
  12. 120〜ようものならif (you dared to), then (disaster)
  13. 121〜ようではif (you're like that), then (it's no good)

9 · Viewpoints, feelings and verdicts

  1. 122〜からすると・〜から見るとjudging from; from the standpoint of
  2. 123〜からしてjudging just from; starting with (even)
  3. 124〜にしてみれば・〜にしたらfrom (someone's) point of view, for (someone)
  4. 125〜にかけてはwhen it comes to (skill)
  5. 126〜といったsuch as, like
  6. 127〜とは (surprise)(I'm amazed) that, to think that
  7. 128〜ことにto (my) surprise, (unfortunately, strangely)
  8. 129〜ものがあるthere's something (about it); is truly
  9. 130〜に越したことはないit's best to, you can't go wrong with
  10. 131〜というものだthat's what (X) is; that's simply
  11. 132〜というものではないit doesn't follow that, not necessarily
  12. 133〜ものではないyou shouldn't (it's not done)
  13. 134〜たものではないcan't possibly, is simply not (bearable)
  14. 135〜ものか・〜もんかas if (I) would!, no way
  15. 136〜ないものか・〜ないものだろうかisn't there some way to …?, if only
  16. 137〜ことかhow (very)! (exclamation)