〜かと思ったら・〜かと思うと
just when (I thought); no sooner … than
Verb た-form + かと思ったら / かと思うと
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かと思ったら describes one thing followed immediately by an unexpected change: 晴れたかと思ったら、また雨が降り出した, "just when I thought it had cleared up, it started raining again".
かと思うと is similar and common in narration: 帰ってきたかと思うと、すぐに出かけてしまった, "no sooner had he come home than he went out again".
Both describe what the speaker observed, usually about other people or things, not the speaker's own actions. The second half is often surprising, and the two events are close together or in contrast.
Compare たとたん (N3), which is also "the moment", but doesn't carry the "or so I thought" sense of a quick reversal.
Examples
晴れたかと思ったら、また雨が降り出した。
Just when I thought it had cleared up, it started raining again.
帰ってきたかと思うと、すぐに出かけてしまった。
No sooner had he come home than he went out again.
赤ちゃんは泣いたかと思ったら、もう笑っている。
One moment the baby's crying, the next it's laughing.
静かになったかと思ったら、子どもたちは寝ていた。
It had suddenly gone quiet, and I found the children asleep.
彼は来たかと思うと、何も言わずに帰った。
No sooner had he arrived than he left without a word.