immersionlog

Every verb form on one page

A single reference chart of all the forms you have learned, how to turn any form back into the dictionary form so you can look it up, and a quick method for identifying a verb you find in a sentence.

About 6 minutes to read

This lesson is a reference. You do not need to memorise it. Use it to check a form, or when you meet one in a sentence and need to find the verb in a dictionary.

The chart

食べる (ru)書く (u)飲む (u)話す (u)する来る
dictionary食べる書く飲む話すする来る
polite食べます書きます飲みます話しますします来ます
negative食べない書かない飲まない話さないしない来ない
past食べた書いた飲んだ話したした来た
past negative食べなかった書かなかった飲まなかった話さなかったしなかった来なかった
て-form食べて書いて飲んで話してして来て
potential食べられる書ける飲める話せるできる来られる
passive食べられる書かれる飲まれる話されるされる来られる
causative食べさせる書かせる飲ませる話させるさせる来させる
volitional食べよう書こう飲もう話そうしよう来よう
imperative食べろ書け飲め話せしろ来い
ば-form食べれば書けば飲めば話せばすれば来れば
たい食べたい書きたい飲みたい話したいしたい来たい

Readings for 来る: くる, きます, こない, きた, きて, こられる, こさせる, こよう, こい, くれば, きたい.

The sound rows

For u-verbs, forms attach to a different row of the kana chart:

FormRow書く飲む
negative, passive, causativeあ-row書か飲ま
polite, たい, stemい-row書き飲み
dictionaryう-row書く飲む
potential, ば, imperativeえ-row書け飲め
volitionalお-row (+う)書こう飲もう

If you remember the five rows (あ い う え お), you can build every form of every u-verb.

Finding the dictionary form

When you meet a conjugated verb in a sentence, you need its dictionary form to look it up. Work backwards from the ending.

You seeIt isDictionary form
〜ますpolitechange the い-row back: 書きます → 書く
〜ません / 〜ましたpolite negative / pastsame, then back up
〜ないnegativeあ-row → う-row: 書かない → 書く; 食べない → 食べる
〜なかったpast negativeas ない
〜た / 〜だpast書いた → 書く; 飲んだ → 飲む; 食べた → 食べる
〜て / 〜でて-formsame as past
〜れる / 〜られるpotential or passivestrip it: 食べられる → 食べる; 書ける → 書く
〜せる / 〜させるcausativestrip it
〜よう / 〜おうvolitional食べよう → 食べる; 書こう → 書く
〜ばconditionalえ-row → う-row: 書けば → 書く

Telling ru and u apart

When you see a stem like 食べ, the dictionary form is 食べる (a ru-verb). When you see 書か, it is 書く (a u-verb). If the verb stem ends in an e or i sound (食べ, 見, 起き), it is most likely a ru-verb. If it ends in a, u, o (書か, 飲ま, 話そ), it is a u-verb. The exceptions are the る-ending u-verbs: 帰る → 帰ら, 入る → 入ら, 知る → 知ら.

Stacking forms

Forms combine. Every added piece is a regular ru-verb or い-adjective, which you can conjugate again.

食たべeatさせmakeられ(passive)たくなかったdidn't want to
didn't want to be made to eat

食べる → 食べさせる (causative) → 食べさせられる (passive) → 食べさせられたくない (wants-not) → 食べさせられたくなかった (past).

Real sentences rarely stack more than three, but this chain shows how it works. Read one piece at a time from left to right.

A habit for unknown verbs

  1. Look at the end of the word. Is it a recognisable ending (〜ている, 〜ました, 〜なかった, 〜させられた)?
  2. Peel the endings off from the right, one at a time.
  3. What's left is the stem. Rebuild the dictionary form.
  4. Look it up.

Dictionary lookup tools like Yomitan do this for you, but doing it by hand a few times trains your eye.

Longer sentences

Long verbs combine many endings. Take each apart from the right, using the chart.

子供こどものchild'sころtime嫌きらいなdisliked野菜やさいをvegetables無理むりやりby force食たべさせられてbeing made to eat and泣ないたcriedことをthe fact覚おぼえているremember
I remember being forced to eat vegetables I hated and crying when I was a child.
このthis本ほんはbook読よもうとtrying to read何度なんどもmany timesしたがdid, but難むずかしすぎてbeing too difficult読よみ終おえられなかったcouldn't finish reading
I tried to read this book many times, but it was too difficult and I couldn't finish it.

Key points

  • Five rows (あ い う え お) generate every u-verb form.
  • Passive, causative and potential are ru-verbs. Conjugate them again.
  • To look up a verb, peel endings from the right and rebuild the dictionary form.
  • Forms stack: 食べさせられたくなかった is five pieces in one word.

Drill these patterns

Short example sentences for the points in this lesson: